Most believe that five separate language phyla existed among the Native Americans who inhabited present California at the time of European arrival; the Aztec-Tanoan, Hokan, Macro-Algonquian, Macro-Penutian, and Na-Dene.  However, recent work by Marianne Mithun (1999) et al has resulted in the establishment of a separate Chumashan phylum.  Indeed, there is some question if a Hokan phylum exists at all.  The only remaining significant dispute relative to the phylum assignment of California languages rest with the Yukian speaking peoples:

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