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FOUR
DIRECTIONS INSTITUTE
California Languages |
Most believe that five separate language phyla existed among the Native Americans who inhabited present California at the time of European arrival; the Aztec-Tanoan, Hokan, Macro-Algonquian, Macro-Penutian, and Na-Dene. However, recent work by Marianne Mithun (1999) et al has resulted in the establishment of a separate Chumashan phylum. Indeed, there is some question if a Hokan phylum exists at all. The only remaining significant dispute relative to the phylum assignment of California languages rest with the Yukian speaking peoples: |
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Chumash is classified as Chumashan and Yuki as Macro-Penutian in this analysis with the recognition that these classifications are in dispute. Further, some of the family and stock classifications of several ethnies are disputed. | ||||||||||||
California Languages Links |
American Indian Language Policy and School Success http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/BOISE.html |
The Bipartite Stem Belt http://www.uoregon.edu/~delancey/papers/bls96.html |
California's Native Peoples http://ceres.ca.gov/ceres/calweb/native.html |
California's Native Peoples - Linguistic Changes http://www.cabrillo.cc.ca.us/~crsmith/anth6_formative.html#language |
Ethnologue http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp |
Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages http://www.heydaybooks.com/books/ff.html |
Language is Life Gathering http://www.calhum.org/learn/projects/llrp/llrpConference.html |
Society for the Study of Indigenous Languages of the Americas http://ssila.org/ |
Survey for California and Other Indian Languages http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/Survey/ |
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