FOUR DIRECTIONS INSTITUTE

The membership, and even the existence of a Macro-Penutian phylum is disputed. If the inclusionist school is correct, the Macro-Penutian phylum ranges from southern Alaska to central Chile. And, if the inclusionist school is correct, the member cultures range from the advanced Mayan culture of Yucatan to hunter/gatherer tribes of California and Oregon. It is doubtful that most of the linguistic disputes will ever be settled, since a great number of the disputed languages are extinct and unrecorded.

All of the United States and Canada Macro-Penutians were hunter/gatherer cultures and were mostly sedentary. The Tsimshian of northern British Columbia were the only maritime culture in the phylum in the U. S. and Canada.

Indeed, all of the California Penutians were semi-sedentary hunter/gatherers and only the Costanoans were coastal.

Penutian	Pen	Maiduan (5 languages)	Maidu
		Wintuan	Wintu
		Yokutsan	Yokuts
	Utian	Costanoan	Costanoan
		Miwokan (2 languages)	Coast Miwok
			Lake Miwok
			Sierra Miwok