FDI - Cheyenne

The Cheyenne were sedentary hunter/farmers of southwestern Minnesota, ranging into South Dakota. As a result of pressure created by the earlier Beaver Wars, they moved several times while remaining hunter/farmers. By 1832, they had absorbed their close relatives, the Sutaio, and moved out onto the plains to become nomadic hunter/gatherers, following the great buffalo herds, upon which they relied upon for subsistence.

The Cheyenne ultimately allied with the Sioux, and more closely with the Arapaho with whom they ultimately fissioned into northern and southern divisions. The Southern Cheyenne under Black Kettle suffered two devastating massacres, at Sand Creek by Chivington and at the Washita River by Custer. The Northern Cheyenne fought with Crazy Horse's Sioux to defeat Custer at he Little Big Horn.

Aboriginal Locations

Apparently about the upper drainage of the Mississippi River and/or the shores of Lake Superior

Year	*History*
1680	Some of tribe visited Fort Crevecoeur being constructed by LaSalle near present Peoria, Illinois
1750	Had acquired horses but remained hunter/farmers along the Cheyenne River in North Dakota
178X	Some Cheyenne attacked by Chippewa while men off hunting, villages destroyed, joined other Cheyenne along Missouri
1804	Visited by Lewis and Clark, living in earth lodges along the Missouri River about the border of present North Dakota and South Dakota living as sedentary hunter/farmers and makers of pottery
1824	Beginning of mountain man fur trade era
1832	Deserted farming, Southern Cheyenne removed to near Bents Fort un the upper Arkansas River, Northern Cheyenne moved to range including the North Platte and Yellowstone Rivers
1833	More than 200 killed by Crow in revenge battle
1837	48 Cheyenne warriors killed by Kiowa
1838	Cheyenne and Arapaho attacked Kiowa and Comanche, losses on both sides
1840	Joined old enemies Kiowa against Whites, end of mountain man fur trade era
1841	Influx of Oregon Trail settlers
1849	Cholera epidemic
1851	First Treaty of Fort Laramie established specific tracts for Plains tribes, formally divided tribe into northern and southern divisions
1853	Southern Cheyenne conducted disastrous raid into Mexico
1854	Killed more than 100 Pawnee
1860	War with Whites
1864	Cheyenne-Arapaho War, Sand Creek Massacre of Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho in Colorado
1867	Medicine Lodge Treaty, Southern Arapaho place on reservation in Oklahoma with Southern Cheyenne; Northern Cheyenne assigned to Montana reservation
1868	Surprise attack by Custer of Southern Cheyenne on Washita River, 100 including Chief Black Kettle killed
1869	Tall Bull's Northern Cheyenne defeated by Gen. Carr's forces
1876	Northern Cheyenne joined Lakota in defeat of Gen Custer on the Little Big Horn
1879	Northern band under Dull Knife colonized with Southern Cheyenne: made escape north, 75 of tribe, 50 Whites died; 32 killed in second escape from Ft. Robinson, Nebraska
1883	Dull Knife died
1901	Oklahoma land allotted in severalty

Cheyenne Sites:

Army Scout, U. S. Cavalry http://www.linecamp.com/museums/americanwest/define_the_west/army_scout/army_scout.html

Battle of Summit Springs http://www.logancountychamber.com/tourismsummitsprings.html

Black Hills and Cheyenne Chiefs http://home.epix.net/~landis/blackhills.html

Black Kettle http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/blackkettle.htm

Bushyhead, Jerome, Cheyenne Artist http://www.artnatam.com/bhead/

Campbell, Ben Nighthorse http://www.powersource.com/campbell/default.html

Campbell, Ben Nighthorse http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000077

Cheyenne http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WWcheyenne.htm

Cheyenne http://www.nativeamericans.com/Cheyenne.htm

Cheyenne http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/northamerica/cheyenne.html

Cheyenne http://www.meyna.com/cheyenne.html

Cheyenne and Arapaho Images http://members.cox.net/teewood/SegerCol/segercolony.html

Cheyenne and Arapaho Nation Flag http://hometown.aol.com/Donh523/navapage/cheyarap.htm

Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma http://cheyenne-arapaho.org/

Cheyenne - Arapaho Lands: Oklahoma Territory http://rebelcherokee.labdiva.com/itcheyenne_arapaho.html

Cheyenne Authors http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/t13

Cheyenne At the Smithsonian http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/squint_eyes/squint_eyes.htm

Cheyenne Chief Tall Bull http://www.historynet.com/culture/native_american_history/3032086.html

Cheyenne Chief Two Moons http://www.geocities.com/cheyenne_language/twomoons.htm

Cheyenne Dog Soldiers http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v001/v001p090.html

Cheyenne History http://www.denverartmuseum.org/cheyennevisions2/CVII_cheyenneHistory.htm

Cheyenne History Bibliography http://www.cheyenneancestors.com/ncbiblio.html

Cheyenne Indian http://www.cheyenneindian.com/

Cheyenne Indian Fact Sheet http://www.geocities.com/bigorrin/cheyenne_kids.htm

Cheyenne Indian History http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/cheyenne/cheyennehist.htm

Cheyenne Indians http://www.sonofthesouth.net/american-indians/cheyenne-indians.htm

Cheyenne Indians History and Ways of Life, Vol. 1 http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Cheyn1/album1.html

Cheyenne Indians History and Ways of Life, Vol. 2 http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Cheyn2/album1.html

Cheyenne Indians: Lewis and Clark Journals http://www.nps.gov/jeff/LewisClark2/TheJourney/NativeAmericans/Cheyenne.htm

Cheyenne Lands http://rebelcherokee.labdiva.com/cheyenne.html

Cheyenne Language http://www.native-languages.org/cheyenne.htm

Cheyenne Language http://www.cheyenneindian.com/cheyenne_language.htm

Cheyenne Language http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cheyenne.htm

Cheyenne Language http://www.geocities.com/cheyenne_language/

Cheyenne Language http://www.native-languages.org/cheyenne.htm

Cheyenne Language http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=CHY

Cheyenne Language Surviving http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues01/Co11032001/CO_11032001_Cheyenne_Language.htm

Cheyenne Life Today http://www.ou.edu/okage/504Lodge_Pole_RiverSite/Cheyenne_Life_Today.html

Cheyenne Linguistic Lineage http://www.ethnologue.com/show_lang_family.asp?code=CHY

Cheyenne Man's Shirt http://www.dia.org/collections/aonwc/nativeamericanart/1988.27.html

Cheyenne Society http://www.thewildwest.org/native_american/society/Cheyenne.html

Cheyenne Stories http://www.geocities.com/cheyenne_language/stories.htm

Cheyenne Sweat Lodge http://www.curtis-collection.com/cheyannesweatlodge.html

Cheyenne Traditional History http://members.tripod.com/~mr_sedivy/colorado5.html

Cheyenne Tribe http://www.omaha.lib.ne.us/transmiss/congress/cheyenne.html

Cheyenne War http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1800s/yr75/fcheyenne1878.htm

Chief Dull Knife College http://www.cdkc.edu/

Chief Wolf Robe http://www.indigenouspeople.net/wolfrobe.htm

Col. John M. Chivington http://www.lastoftheindependents.com/chivington.html

Dull Knife, Northern Cheyenne http://webhome.idirect.com/~mikeha/namericans/dullknife.html

Early Life http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/24/04714459/0471445924.pdf

Fremont's Travels in the Far West http://www.jewish-history.com/WildWest/Carvalho/carval10.html

Ghost Dance http://php.indiana.edu/~tkavanag/visual5.html

Just Speak Your Language http://www.wholeearthmag.com/ArticleBin/326.html

Let's Listen to Cheyenne http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/song/1147/index.html

Little Wolf, Cheyenne http://webhome.idirect.com/~mikeha/namericans/littlewolf.html

Northern Arapaho Tribe http://www.northernarapaho.com/

Northern Arapaho Tribe http://www.mnisose.org/profiles/narapho.htm

Northern Arapaho Tribe Community Profile http://www.mnisose.org/profiles/narapho.htm

Northern Cheyenne Flag http://users.aol.com/donh523/navapage/nchey.htm

Northern Cheyenne Territory http://www.crystalinks.com/cheyenne.html

Northern Cheyenne Tribe http://www.cheyennenation.com/

Northern Cheyenne Tribe Community Profile http://www.mnisose.org/profiles/ncheyne.htm

Northern Cheyenne v. Southern Cheyenne Dialects http://www.geocities.com/cheyenne_language/dialects.htm

Oregon Trail http://linnhistory.peak.org/1853/1853immore.html

Red River War http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/redriver/

Sand Creek Massacre http://www.sandcreek.org/massacre.htm

Sand Creek Massacre Site http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/23-09/23-09-11.pdf

Sand Creek Massacre Site Project http://www.sandcreek.org/

Washita Battlefield National Historic Site http://www.oklahoma.feb.gov/FEBKids/WashitaBattlefieldNationalHistoricSite.htm

Washita: Genocide of the Great Plains http://www.dickshovel.com/was.html

*Ethnie:*	CHEYENNE
*Language:*	Cheyenne
*Family:*	Plains Algonquian
*Stock:*	Algonquian
*Phylum:*	Algic
*Macro-Culture:*	Great Plains

Year	U.S. Population	MN	MT	ND	OK	SD	Source
Arrival	3,500	2,100				1,400
1700	3,500					3,500	NAHDB calculation
1780	3,500						Mooney estimate
1800	3,300			1,700		1,600	NAHDB calculation
1900	3,300		1,600		1,700		NAHDB calculation
1903	3,312						Census
1910	3,248						US Indian Office
1989	5,800						BIA estimate
1989	7,900						Turtle Tracks
1997			6,591				Tribe
2000	11,000
2000	11,000		7,000		4,000		NAHDB calculation