FDI - Hopi

The Hopi were a sedentary hunter/farmer culture of the greater Pueblo macro-culture. They were the only Uto-Aztecan component of that macro-culture. They lived on three mesas in northeastern Arizona, but claimed much of the surrounding territory. They settled in the area just after A.D. 1000.

The most important enemies of the Hopi were the predatory Navajos, Apaches, and Utes, all of whom inflicted considerable damage on the Hopi. They were less affected by Spanish and Mexican rule than the Pueblo cultures to the east.

The Hopi lost considerable land to and are now landlocked by the Navajo. Disputes with Navajo continue to this day over land rights. The Hopi have successfully retained much of their culture.

Year	*History*
1150	Oraibi Pueblo established, constantly occupied ever since. Oldest constantly occupied site in U.S.
1540	Visited by de Tobar and de Padilla, Coronado conquest
1583	Visited by Antonio de Espejo
1598	Visited by Juan de Onate; made to swear vassalage to Spain
1629	Franciscan mission at Awatobi founded
1655	Priest set a Hopi afire for idolatry
1680	Pueblo Revolt; missions destroyed
1681	Accepted Tiwa refugees for 30 to 40 years
1693	Reconquest forced some Tewa to relocated to Hano in Hopi country
1700	Failed attempt to rebuild Awatobi mission; tribe attacked village and killed all males, captured women and children
1701	Tribe attacked by Cubero, several killed
1716	Attacked by Capt. Felix Martinez of Santa Fe
1777	Sever drought; many went to Havasupai until drought over; received Spanish protection against Navajo raid, though many killed
1823	Capitalizing on disorganized Mexican rule, start of 20 years of slaving and scalping by Navajo, Ute, Apache, and Comanche
1834	Party of trappers killed 20 of tribe at Oraibi
1837	Oraibi Pueblo almost entirely wiped out by Navajo
1844	Mexican attack, several killed, others taken as slaves but later freed
1860	Mormon Jacob Hamlin began successful mission
1863	Kit Carson began Navajo roundup, some starvation due to crop failure, continued Mexican slaving
1876	Santa Fe Railroad reached Flafstaff
1882	Reservation established
1891	Spider Woman scared off Calvary trying to impose a survey
1893	Voth Mennonite mission established
1906	Thribal cultural dispute, Hotevilla established on Third Mesa
1974	Navajo Relocation Act passed; Hopi regained considerable territory (Act tied to graft incolving Peabody Coal Mine and mining rights)
1981	BIA issued grazing rights to Navajo on Hopi lands
1985	Broken Rainbow received Academy Award for best documentary, subject: Navajo Relocation Act

Hopi Sites:

Arizona, Hopi and Navajo Tribes http://www.osmre.gov/arizonaindex.htm

Basic Hopi Basket Styles http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/baskets/lewis4.html

Ceremonies http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/katsina/ceremonies.html

Constitution of the Hopi Tribe http://www.tribalresourcecenter.org/ccfolder/hopi_const.htm

Early History of Hopi Pottery http://www.aaanativearts.com/article957.html

Hopi http://www.nativeamericans.com/Hopi.htm

Hopi http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/northamerica/hopi.html

Hopi http://www.ausbcomp.com/redman/hopi.htm

Hopi Alumni are Good Role Models http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues03/Co05172003/CO_05172003_Hopi_Alumni.htm

Hopi and Navajo Tours http://www.crossingworlds.com/retreats/cretreat.html

Hopi Art http://www.hopiart.com/

Hopi Arts http://www.hopiarts.com/

Hopi Authors http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/t35

Hopi Ceremonial Life http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/readings/hopi_religion.html

Hopi Ceremonial Societies http://daphne.palomar.edu/ais100/hphratry.htm

Hopi Civilization http://www.crystalinks.com/hopi.html

Hopi Cultural Preservation Office http://www.nau.edu/~hcpo-p/

Hopi Foundation http://www.hopifoundation.org/

Hopi Flute Ceremony http://www.brownielocks.com/fluteceremony.html

Hopi: Heterochronic Patterns http://www.humanevolution.net/a/hopi.html

Hopi Indian History http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/hopi/hopeindianhist.htm

Hopi Indian Legends http://www.indianlegend.com/hopi/hopi_index.htm

Hopi Indian Reservation http://www.azcommerce.com/doclib/commune/hopi.pdf

Hopi Indians http://inkido.indiana.edu/w310work/romac/hopi.htm

Hopi Indians http://jeff.scott.tripod.com/hopi.html

Hopi Indian Tribe, Law and Order Code http://doc.narf.org/nill/Codes/hopicode/toc.htm

Hopi Jewelry http://www.pueblodirect.com/hopijewelry.html

Hopi Kachina Dolls http://www.native-languages.org/kachinas.htm

Hopi Kachina Dolls http://www.penfieldgallery.com/kachinas/Adrian.html

Hopi Kachina Dolls http://coas.missouri.edu/anthromuseum/PDFs/kachinas.pdf

Hopi Kachinas http://www.americana.net/kachinas_article.html

Hopi Kachinas http://www.ancientnations.com/Gallery%20HTML/henry_naha_eagle_mudhead.html

Hopi Kachinas http://www.canyonart.com/kachina2.htm

Hopi Katsinas http://www.crossingworlds.com/articles/kachinas.html

Hopi Katsina Dolls http://www.hopimarket.com/Kachinas.htm

Hopi Language http://www.native-languages.org/hopi.htm

Hopi Language http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hop

Hopi Language and Communication Student Project http://www.meadowthorpe.fcps.net/projects/native_americans/HopiLanguage%20and%20Communication.htm

Hopi Language Project http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues03/Co09202003/CO_09202003_Hopi_Language.htm

Hopi Linguistic Lineage http://www.ethnologue.com/show_lang_family.asp?code=hop

Hopi Mesas and Navajo Cultural Journeys http://www.crossingworlds.com/journey/hopi.html

Hopi Mineral Development Plans http://www.blackmesais.org/proof.html

Hopi Origin Myth http://iweb.tntech.edu/kosburn/history-444/Hopi-culture.html

Hopi Overlay Jewelry http://www.hopimarket.com/Overlay%20Jewelry.htm

Hopi People http://www.hopi.org/

Hopi Photographs http://sorrel.humboldt.edu/~rwj1/HOP/hop6g.html

Hopi Pottery http://www.ancientnations.com/Gallery%20HTML/dee_setalla_flute_neck_vase.html

Hopi Pottery http://www.penfieldgallery.com/Hopi.html

Hopi Pottery http://www.ancientnations.com/Gallery%20HTML/wally_youvella_sr_sacred_ground.html

Hopi Pottery, History http://www.nau.edu/~hcpo-p/arts/pot3.htm

Hopi Letter Pronunciation http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hopi.htm

Hopi Religion http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/nam/hopi.html

Hopi Reservation http://www.frommers.com/destinations/thehopireservation/

Hopi - the Struggle for Tomorrow http://www.viewzone.com/day6.html

Hopi Tribe http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_hopi.html

Hopi Tribe http://www.arizonaguide.com/DisplayListing.aspx?id=6745

Hopi Tribe Asserts Jurisdiction ... http://www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net/articles/HopiTribe/Heywood-Hopi010818CampDismantlled.htm

Hopi Tribe, Hopi Reservation http://www.franke.nau.edu/caied/TribePages/Hopi.asp

Hopi Tribe Pulls the Plug ... http://www.blackmesais.org/Hopi_Tribe_pulls_the_plug.html

Hopi Woman is First Native American on AZ Regents Board http://www.tucsoncitizen.com/ss/local/79376.php

How Maasaw and the People of Oraibi http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/southcorner/hopi_maasaw.html

Kachina Carvings http://www.americana.net/kachinas.html

Kachina Doll http://phoenix.about.com/cs/shop/a/kachina01.htm

Kachinas http://www.nativeamericanlinks.com/kachina/kachina.htm

Origins of the Clans http://www.ilhawaii.net/~stony/lore88.html

Pueblo Culture and Ethnobotany http://www.fourdir.com/pueblo_culture.htm

Reservation, The http://www.geocities.com/yosemite/trails/1942/h_res_14.html

Taking Control of Hopi Resources ... http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096409866

Tales of a Tongue http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Trails/1942/i_tong_5.html

Visiting the Three Mesas of the Hopi Reservation http://www.aaanativearts.com/article956.html

Wedding Traditions http://www.manataka.org/page348.html#Hopi%20Traditions

Woman Spirit http://www.meyna.com/nampeyo.html

*Ethnie:*	HOPI
*Language:*	Hopi
*Family:*	Hopi
*Stock:*	Uto-Aztecan
*Phylum:*	Azrec-Tanoan
*Macro-Culture:*	Pueblo

Year	U.S. Population	Source
1680	2,800	Mooney estimate
1700	2,800	NAHDB calculation
1800	2,300	NAHDB calculation
1860	2,300	Dozier
1890	1,824	Swanton
1897	631	Swanton
1900	600	NAHDB calculation
1910	501	Census
1923	440	US Indian Office
1937	454	US Indian Office
1973	1,133	BIA
1981	1,017	BIA
1989	1,300	BIA Estimate
1990	6,500	Census
2000	10,000	NAHDB calculation