FDI - Jumano

*Tribe*	Jumano Apache	Jumano Pueblo (Suma)	Plains Jumano
*Language*	Eastern Apachean	Southern Tiwa	Wichita
*Family*	Apachean	Tiwa	Wichita
*Stock*	Athapaskan	Kiowa-Tanoa	Northern Caddoan
*Phylum*	Na-Dene	Kiowa-Tanoa	Caddoan

The Jumano were no more than an identity, failing to be a single tribe, language group, or culture. The data presented herein is quite disputable. They followed the fortunes of the various cultures to which they attached or identified. Some Jumano Pueblos survived in Mexico while some surely absorbed into other U. S. Pueblo cultures. The Plains Jumano have ancestors today among the Wichita and Kiowa in Oklahoma. Some Jumano Apache absorbed into others Apachean tribes while other have maintained their cultural identity in Texas.

Year	*History*
1535	Some Jumano may have been visited by Cabeza de Vaca
1582	Espejo visited village of La Junta Pueblo frequented by Plains Jumano
1598	Onate received oaths of loyalty from Jumano Pueblos; Onate encountered Jumano Whichitas on Arkansas River near Quivira
1627	Benevides began missionizing Jumano Pueblos building the church of San Isidro
1629	Mission established
1659	Some Pueblo Jumanon at San Lorenzo
1664	Mission established at Casas Grandes in Chihuahua for southern branch of Pueblo Jumanos, Jumano Apaches joined Apaches in raids against sedentary tribes, northern Pueblo Jumanos and Apache Jumanos nearly destroyed by Apache
1670	Jumano Pueblos moved from Salinas pueblos to region of Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe mission in Rio Grande south f present El Paso due to famine and conflicts with Apaches
1680	Participated in Pueblo Revolt
1850	Some Plains Jumano had joined Kiowa, others had joined Wichita

Year	Population	NM	TX	Source
1690	10,000			Epejo population estimate including Mexican elements which comprised most of tribes
1700	500	200	300	NAHDB calculation
1755	500			Swanton (50 families)
1765	210			Swanton (21 families)
1800	100	50	50	NAHDB calculation
1900	50	-	50	NAHDB calculation
2000	300			NAHDB calculation
2004	300	-	300