Keresan Pueblos
| Acoma Gallery of Dave Pease Photographs (Click on picture to enlarge) | ||||||||||
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FOUR
DIRECTIONS INSTITUTE
Keresan Pueblos |
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| Ethnie: | KERESAN PUEBLOS |
| Languages: | Keres Western Keres (Acoma & Laguna) and Eastern Keres (All others) |
| Family: | Keres |
| Stock: | Keres |
| Phylum: | Keres |
| Macro-Culture: | Southwestern |
| The Keres were a sedentary agricultural culture of the greater Pueblo culture. Their villages were along the Rio Grande in north central New Mexico between Rio de los Frijoles and Rio Jemez, and on Rio Jemez from the stream of the Pueblo Zia to its mouth. |
| They were early victims of the Spanish conquest, and preyed upon by the Apaches, Navajos, Comanches, and Utes. They speak an isolated language, apparently unrelated to any other (Sapir 1929, Voegelin and Voegelin 1966), though Greenberg (1987) places them in a broad phylum which includes Algonquians, Siouans, and Mosans. |
| Aboriginal Locations |
| Eastern or Queres Group: Cochiti-San Felipe (Cochiti, Haatze, Hanut, Kuapa, @ Potrero de las Vacas, San Felipe, @ Tyuonyi); Santa Ana (Santa Ana); Santo Domingo (Gipuy, Huashpatzena, @ Potrero de la Cañada Quemada, Santo Domingo); Zia (Kakanatzia, Kohasaya) |
| Western or Sitsime or Kawaiko Group: Acoma (Acoma, Kashkachuti, Katzimo, Kowina, Kuchtya, Tapitsiama, Tsiama); Laguna |
| Present Locations |
| Acoma Pueblo. Acoma |
| Cochiti Pueblo, Cochiti |
| Laguna Pueblo, Laguna |
| San Felipe Pueblo, San Felipe |
| Santa Ana Pueblo, Santa Ana |
| Santo Domingo Pueblo, Santo Domingo Pueblo |
| Zia Pueblo, Zia Pueblo |
| Year | History |
| 1528 | Known to Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca |
| 1540 | Coronado conquest |
| 1583 | Visited by Espejo |
| 1590 | Gaspar Castaño de Sosa conquered Pecos, went westward to Keresan but was arrested at Santo Domingo by New Spain troop and disgraced |
| 1598 | Juan de Oñate arrived, forced Pueblo vassalage to Spain, colonized; Acoma joined Tiwa and Tompiro in rebellion, villages destroyed, 500 enslaved, later escaped |
| 1607 | Oñate removed from governorship |
| 1609 | Gov. Pedro de Peralta arrived, founded Santa Fe, built palace with Pueblo labor, disregarded Indian protection laws |
| 1628 | Many churches built, friars added, native religion banned |
| 1640 | Severe drought for several years, thousands of Pueblos died |
| 1663 | Severe drought and famine for six years |
| 1680 | Pueblo Rebellion led by San Juan Tewa Popé, 400 Spaniards died in siege of Santa Fe, 50 fled to El Paso |
| 1691 | Cochiti burned in failed reconquest try |
| 1693 | Successful reconquest |
| 1699 | Laguna pueblo founded |
| 1720 | Trading fairs began with nomadic tribes |
| 1777 | Gov. Juan Bautista de Anza led peace pact between Pueblos and nomads except Apache |
| 1821 | Mexican Independence |
| 1837 | Small tax revolt quelled |
| 1846 | Mexican-American War |
| 1880 | Nomadic tribes defeated by Pueblo military arm |
| 1913 | Pueblo land claims recognized |
| 1969 | Kiowa N. Scott Momaday received Pulitzer Prize for House Made of Dawn, a novel about a Laguna Pueblo |
| Year | Population | Source |
| 1630 | 4,000 | Fray Alonzo de Benavides |
| 1680 | 3,050 | Fray Augustín de Vetancurt |
| 1700 | 3,000 | NAHDB calculation |
| 1706 | 3,190 | Fray Juan Alvarez |
| 1752 | 2,863 | New Mexico census |
| 1789 | 3,337 | Gov. Fernando de la Concha census |
| 1797 | 4,025 | Fray Francisco de Hezio census |
| 1800 | 4,000 | NAHDB calculation |
| 1810 | 4,103 | New Mexico census |
| 1821 | 3,298 | Fr. Pedro Rubin de Celis |
| 1860 | 2,676 | Dozier |
| 1900 | 4,249 | Dozier |
| 1900 | 4,250 | NAHDB calculation |
| 1910 | 4,27 | Census |
| 1930 | 5,396 | Dozier |
| 1937 | 5,781 | US Indian Office |
| 1940 | 6,576 | Dozier |
| 1948 | 7,283 | Dozier |
| 1964 | 12,032 | Dozier |
| 1973 | 12,220 | BIA |
| 1981 | 16,745 | BIA |
| 1989 | 19,900 | NAHDB estimate using BIA data |
| 2000 | 22,000 | NAHDB projection |
| Other speakers of the same language: |
| None |
Last updated 03/14/05 Copyright 2005 by Four Directions Press
