Common Name	Western Hackberry, Common Hackberry
Latin Name	Celtis occidentalis
Family	Ulmaceae
Sunset zones / USDA zones	1-3, 10-13 / 8-10
Type / Form	Treee / Medium
Native Habitat	Deserts below 6,000 feet from California to Texas and south into Mexico
Soil	Dry to moist, decomposed granite, clay loam, limestone, low to some organic content, well drained, will grow in grass, does not mind foot traffic around its base
Exposure	Full sun
Water	Once or twice per month in hot dry weather
Height X Width	45 feet x 50 feet maximum
Protective Mechanism	None
Leaves	Green, winter deciduous
Flowers	Monoecious; very small (1/8 inch), light green, produced on stalks from new leaf axils. Each flower with a 4 or 5 lobed calyx, appearing in spring.
Bark / Roots	Smooth and gray-brown when young, soon developing corky, individual "warts" which later develop into rough corky, irregular ridges.  Twigs slender, zigzag, light red-brown with numerous lighter lenticels; terminal bud is lacking, but a pseudoterminal bud is present. Lateral buds are small, tan, triangular, and appressed, pith is often chambered at the nodes.
Maintenance	Little
Propagation	Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame. Stored seed is best given 2 - 3 months cold stratification and then sown February/March in a greenhouse. Germination rates are usually good, though the stored seed might take 12 months or more to germinate. The seed can be stored for up to 5 years. As soon as they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots. The leaves of seedlings often have a lot of white patches without chlorophyll, this is normal and older plants produce normal green leaves. Grow the seedlings on in a cold frame for their first winter, and plant them out in the following late spring or early summer. Give them some protection from the cold for their first winter outdoors. Cuttings
Pests and Diseases	Foliage (leaf spot, nipple gall, chlorosis) and twig (witches' broom) cosmetic diseases are sometimes present
Landscape uses	Erosion control, low maintenance, windbreak, background, parkways
Garden Suitability	Thornless, Songbird, Butterfly, Ethnobotanical
Ornamental Value	Attracts songbirds in fall and winter, good shade tree, small green flowers in spring
Nature Value	Winter fruits eaten by songbirds, game birds, and other animals, larval plant for butterflies, cover for quail, erosion control
Native American Uses	Dry berries ground for food
Links
Images and data:	http://www.ipm.uconn.edu/Plants/c/celocc/celocc1.html
Images and data:	http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ce_talis.html
Images and data:	http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/CELOCCA.pdf
Images and data:	http://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/DENDROLOGY/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=26
Images and data:	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtis_occidentalis
Images and data:	http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ceoc
Images and data:	http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ce_talis.html
Images and data:	http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/37946/
Images and data:	http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Ulmaceae/Celtis_reticulata.html
Data:	http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/celtis/occidentalis.htm
Data:	http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/celtis_o.cfm
Data:	www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Celtis+occidentalis
Distribution map:	http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CEOC
Distribution map:	http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500334
Nursery	Oak Hills Nursery, 13874 Ranchero Road, Oak Hills, 92345, 760-947-6261

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