Pueblo Culture

PUEBLO CULTURE ETHNOBOTANY

Wild Plant/ Domesticated Plant	Scientific Name	Use
Alligator Juniper	Juniperus deppeana Steud.	Food	Large fruit boiled and eaten as food, berries boiled for food.
American Plum	Prunus americana Marsh.	Food	Fruit eaten for food.
		Dye	Root bark, alder root bark and mountain mahogany root bark used to make a red dye for buckskin.
Apache Plume	Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr.	Tools	Branches bound together & used as a broom for outdoor sweeping & to separate chaff from the wheat.
		Weapons	Straight sticks used for arrow shafts.
Banana Yucca	Yucca baccata Torr.	Food	Fruit baked, seasoned and used for food, sun dried fruit used for winter storage, fruit eaten fresh or boiled, cooled and the skin peeled off with a knife, flesh cooked, made into pats, sun dried and eaten as a conserve, fruit made into conserves and used as a sweetener before the introduction of coffee and sugar.fruit often eaten by deer which left few for the Isletans.
		Basketry	Fibers used to make baskets, split leaves used to make winnowing baskets, baskets for serving food & for transporting materials, interlaced leaves used to make baskets, used to make sifting baskets.
		Tools	Fibers used to make small brushes for pottery decoration.
		Cordage	Fibers used to make cords and ropes, leaves boiled, chewed and made into a double-stranded cord.
		Decorations	Fibers used to make plaques.
		Soap	Roots pounded, made into suds in cold water and used for washing, roots bruised, placed in water and used to wash woolens, cotton fabrics, feathers and hair.
		Ceremony	(Tewa) Infusion of root used as a wash in adoption and name-giving ceremonies. (Zuni) Leaf fibers made into cords used to tie prayer plume offerings together & for other ceremonial uses, narrow leaf bands worn around the head by personators of anthropic gods, plant used ceremonially for a great variety of purposes.
		Cloth	Leaves boiled, chewed and fiber woven into skirts and kilts, leaf fibers used in weaving fabrics.
		Misc.	Leaves split and plaited into mats to cover various vessels, dried leaves split, plaited and made into water-carrying head pads.
Beans (Note: Most dry beans grown in North America are of the same species)	Phaseolus vulgaris L.	Food	Cultivated beans used for food, beans boiled & fried or crushed, boiled beans mixed with mush, baked in corn husks & used for food, boiled and fried beans used for food, beans formerly ground into flour and prepared as mush.
Bearded Flatsedge	Cyperus squarrosus L.	Food	Tubers eaten.
Birchleaf Mountain Mahogany	Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin	Tools	Wood used to make implements.
Black Chokecherry	Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg.	Food	Fruits eaten fresh, fruits dried for winter use.
		Weapons	Wood, backed with sinew, made into bows.
Blue Grama	Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths	Food	Used as an important forage grass.
		Basketry	Used as the fill of coiled basketry.
Blue Lettuce	Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung	Food	Gummy substance from the root used for chewing gum.
Blunt Tastymustard	Descurainia obtusa (Greene) O.E. Schulz	Food	Young plants boiled as greens.
Bluntseed Sweetroot	Osmorhiza depauperata Phil.	Drink	Roots and stems boiled to make a beverage.
Bottle Gourd (Note: Many gourds are of the same species)	Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.	Ceremony	Used as prayer sticks, covered with a cord net to be used as water containers in ceremonies and buried with the dead, used as trumpets or megaphones to represent the bellowing of the plumed serpent in ceremonies.
		Containers	Used as containers for sacred honey, cups, seed bottles and medicine holders.
		Cooking	Used as dippers, canteens and spoons.
		Decorations	Used to make noses, horns and flowers for masks.
		Hunting	Used in hunting to imitate the sound of a deer.
		Music	Used as rattles.
		Tools	Used as pottery scrapers.
Boxelder	Acer negundo L.	Ceremony	(Keres) Twigs made into prayer sticks.
Broadleaf Cattail	Typha latifolia L.	Food	Roots and tender shoots salted and eaten as food, shoots ground, mixed with corn meal and used as food.
		Ceremony	(Keres) Ripened cattails shaken in the rain dance to produce clouds, fuzz used ritually like prayer meal or pollen.
		Building	Cattails used to support the mud of thatched roofs.
		Misc.	Used to make sleeping mats.
Broom Snakeweed	Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby	Ceremony	Used as prayer stick decorations.
		Soap	Infusion of leaves used as pleasant and refreshing bath.
Bulbil Onion	Allium geyeri var. tenerum M.E. Jones	Food	Bulbs used largely for seasoning.
Bulbous Springparsley	Cymopterus bulbosus A. Nels.	Food	Eaten like celery.
Canyon Grape	Vitis arizonica Engelm.	Food	Fruit considered an important part of the diet.
Cactus Apple	Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck	Food	Ripe tunas eaten fresh, tunas split, dried, ground and the meal mixed with corn meal to make a mush for winter use, seeds ground with white corn and meal eaten as mush.
		Cooking	Tunas used as a red dye for corn mush.
		Paint	Tunas used for red paint.
		Tools	Thorns used for needles.
Canada Cockleburr	Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray	Food	Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal, made into pats and steamed, seeds ground with corn meal, made into cakes or balls, steamed and used for food.
		Ceremony	(Zuni) Chewed seeds rubbed on body prior to cactus ceremony to protect from spines.
Carruth's Sagewort	Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.	Food	Ground seeds mixed with water, made into balls, steamed and used for food, Seeds considered among the most important food plants when the Zuni reached this world.
Cayenne Pepper	Capsicum annuum L.	Food	Dried peppers crushed and used as flavoring for food, fruits strung and dried for winter use, cultivated and eaten almost daily or sometimes at more than one meal per day.
Cinchweed Fetidmarigold	Pectis papposa Harvey & Gray	Ceremony	(Zuni) Chewed blossoms used as perfume before a dance in ceremonies of the secret fraternities.
Clark Valley Larkspur	Delphinium geraniifolium Rydb.	Ceremony	Plant used ceremonially (Hopi)
Cliff Fendlerbush	Fendlera rupicola Gray	Ceremony	Used in religious ceremonies.
Club Cholla	Opuntia clavata Engelm.	Food	Stems and fruits roasted and eaten in times of food shortage, joints roasted and eaten during famines.
Colorado Four O'Clock	Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) Gray	Ceremony	Root chewed by medicine man to induce visions while making a diagnosis.
		Hunting	Heavy root used to anchor the bird trap string.
		Smoking	Dried leaves used as tobacco.
Colorado Rubberweed	Hymenoxys richardsonii var. floribunda (Gray) Parker	Food	Roots used as chewing gum.
Common Dunebroom	Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray	Basketry	Pleasantly fragrant plant used for weaving baskets.
		Ceremony	Plant used to weave kachina masks.
Common Hackberry	Celtis occidentalis L.	Food	Berries used extensively for food.
Common Mullein	Verbascum thapsus L.	Ceremony	Leaves used as a ceremonial tobacco.
Common Plaqntain	Plantago major L.	Food	Tender shoots used for food.
Common Reed	Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.	Weapons	Plant used to make arrows.
		Ceremony	Associated ceremonially with the bow and arrow.
		Toys/Games	(Tewa) Plant used to make game sticks for the canute game.
		Misc.	Used for roofing, tubular pipes, pipe stems and weaving rods.
Common Sunflower	Helianthus annuus L.	Ceremony	Petals dried, ground, mixed with yellow corn meal and used as a face powder in women's basket dance, pith used to light the ceremonial cigarettes. (Zuni) Blossoms used ceremonially for anthropic worship.
Cooper's Rubberweed	Hymenoxys cooperi (Gray) Cockerell	Drink	Used to make tea.
		Dye	Used for a dye.
Copper Globemallow	Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don	Ceremony	Root sap rubbed on the skin and used as glue for feathers and cotton during dances.
		Paint	Root skin pounded into powder, water added and used as face paint for dances.
Corn (Note: All corn is of the same species and descended from a grass called teosinte.	Zea Mays	Food	(Hopi) Seeds ground into meal and used to make wafer bread, pit baked, husked, strung and sun dried, grains soaked in water with juniper ash, boiled and washed to make hominy, made into hominy and other dishes, plant constituted the main food supply, ground into meal, ears pit-baked, husked, strung, sun dried and used as a sweetener in the winter, pit baked and eaten immediately. (Isleta) Corn meal used to make various breads, parched corn eaten as a confection, corn meal used to make a mush, parched corn eaten as a staple, evaporated liquid from crushed, soaked stalks used to make sugar, corn husks used to wrap tamales, corn meal used to make mush, dried and stored for winter use. (Pueblo) Cornmeal used ceremonially. (Keres) Corn meal used as one of the main foods, roasted corn ears eaten warm for food, roasted corn ears dried and stored for winter use. (Zia) Corn and wheat, the most important foods, used for food. (Tewa) Corn ground on a metate, formed into cakes, rolled and baked, husks, stalks and leaves used for stock winter forage, used as a staple food. (Zuni) Toasted or untoasted corn ground into a flour and used to make bread, corn used to make gruel, corn used to make popcorn, toasted or untoasted corn ground into a flour and used to make bread eaten as a staple on journeys, corn ears carried or secretly worn in dances by personators of anthropic gods, ribboned corn husks used as hair decorations in ceremonies, corn meal wrapped in husks given to theurgists visiting the sick, white corn meal made into a mush and used ceremonially during the death of a rain priest, balls of husks covered with woven cotton used ceremonially to insure bountiful crops, ribboned corn husks used as hair decorations in ceremonies.
		Drink	(Isleta) Ground corn used to make a slightly intoxicating beverage, (Tewa) Corn ground and sifted into boiling water to make a gruel formerly drunk in the morning, Corn meal mixed with cold water and drunk as a nourishing drink. (Zuni) Popped corn ground as fine as possible, mixed with cold water, strained and used as a beverage.
		Ceremony	(Hopi) Used in almost all ceremonies either as corn meal, as an actual ear of corn or as a painting, ceremonially associated with the northeast direction, whole ears boiled and given as presents during the winter ceremonies, ceremonially associated with the nadir. (Isleta) Corn husks used as cigarette papers for the ceremonial cigarettes, corn silks used in the "Corn Dances," pollen used in the "Corn Dances," (Keres) Corn pollen and corn meal used for many ceremonial purposes, corn meal sprinkled by everyone before eating and prayer repeated. (Tewa) Husks twisted and used to make the framework and mounts for feathers in ceremonial ornaments.
		Funeral	(Isleta) Corn meal smeared on the body in the burial ceremony.
		Cash Crop	(Tewa) Formerly bartered with the Comanche for prepared buffalo hides.
		Smoking	(Tewa) Husks made into cigarettes.
		Tools	(Tewa) Cobs used to make handles and holders.
Coyote Tobacco	Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats.	Smoking	Dried leaves and other plant parts smoked in pipes and cigarettes. (Zuni) Leaves smoked ceremonially.
Creeping Barberry	Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don	Ceremony	Yellow root and leaves used for ceremonial purposes in the Home Dance (Hopi).
Crested Pricklypoppy	Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey	Ceremony	Plant used to whip children during initiation.
Crispleaf Buckwheat	Eriogonum corymbosum Benth.	Food	Boiled stalks pressed into cakes, dried and eaten with salt.
Crookneck Squash	Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poir.	Food	Meat boiled or baked, meat cut spirally, wound into long bundles, tied in pairs and dried for winter use, flowers used to make special foods, seeds roasted and eaten.
		Cooking	Seeds used to oil the "piki" stones.
		Container	Dried shell used by children to carry parched corn.
		Music	Shell dried and used as a sounding board for musical rasps.
Cutleaf Nightshade	Solanum triflorum Nutt.	Food	Ripe fruit boiled, ground, mixed with ground chile & salt & eaten as a condiment with mush or bread, berries eaten in times of famine.
Datura or Jimson Weed or Sacred Thornapple	Datura wrightii Regel	Narcotic	Hallucinogen (Deadly poisonous) Root chewed to induce visions by medicine man while making a diagnosis, plant well known for the narcotic properties.
		Ceremony	Powdered root used by rain priests in a number of ways to ensure fruitful rains.
Deergrass	Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc.	Ceremony	(Zuni) Grass attached to sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods.
Desert Princesplume	Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britt.	Food	Boiled plant used for greens in the spring.
Desert Tobacco	Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia	Smoking	Wild tobacco smoked.
Douglas Fir	Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco	Ceremony	Plant sometimes used in ceremonies.
Dwarf Mentzella	Mentzelia pumila Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray	Smoking	Plant used as a substitute for tobacco.
Erect Spiderling	Boerhavia erecta L.	Misc.	Sticky leaves and stem hung in house to catch flies.
Falsepennyroyal	Hedeoma nana (Torr.) Briq.	Soap	Infusion of plant used as a hair wash and body bath.
		Food	Leaves chewed for the mint flavor.
Fendler's Horsenettle	Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr.	Food	Potatoes eaten raw or cooked with clay to counteract the astringency.
Fendler's Springparsley	Cymopterus acaulis var. fendleri (Gray) Goodrich	Food	Plant eaten much as celery.
Field Pumpkin	Cucurbita pepo L.	Domestic Food	Fresh squash cut into spiral strips, folded into hanks and hung up to dry for winter use, blossoms cooked in grease and used as a delicacy in combination with other foods, fresh squash, either whole or in pieces, roasted in ashes and used for food.
		Ceremony	Gourds worn in phallic dances symbolizing fructification or made into ceremonial rattles.
		Containers	Gourds made into receptacles for storing precious articles.
		Cooking	Gourds made into cups, ladles and dippers and put to various uses.
Fineleaf Hymenopappus	Hymenopappus filifolius Hook.	Food	Leaves boiled, rubbed with cornmeal and baked into bread, root used as chewing gum.
		Ceremony	Compound containing plant used as a ceremonial emetic.
		Drink	Used to make tea and coffee.
		Dye	Used for dye.
Fendler's Groundcherry	Physalis hederifolia var. fendleri (Gray) Cronq.	Food	Fruit boiled in small quantities of water, crushed and used as a condiment.
Fendler's Horsenettle	Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torr.	Food	Raw tubers used for food.
Fetid Goosefoot	Chenopodium graveolens Willd.	Food	Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and made into small dumplings wrapped in corn husks.
Fourwing Saltbush	Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.	Cooking	Ashes used as alkali to maintain blue coloring of piki bread, ashes used as baking soda
		Ceremony	(Hopi) Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks), plant used for kiva fires. (Zuni) Twigs attached to prayer plumes and sacrificed to the cottontail rabbit to ensure good hunting.
Fremont's Goosefoot	Chenopodium fremontii S. Wats.	Food	Ground seeds used to make mush, leaves cooked alone as greens or boiled and eaten with a number of other foods, leaves used as flavoring with meat or other vegetables, leaves packed around yucca fruit when baked in earth oven.
Fremont's Mahonia	Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde	Tools	Wood used to make various tools.
		Ceremony	Crushed berries used as purple coloring for the skin and for objects employed in ceremonies.
Fringed Sagewort	Artemisia frigida Willd.	Food	Used with sweet corn when roasting.
		Ceremony	Sprig attached to the prayer emblem and regarded as efficacious in petitions for water, plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).
Galleta	Pleuraphis jamesii Torr.	Basketry	Grass used by the women to make coil trays, used as the fill of coiled basketry.
		Tools	Culms used as a floor and hair brush.
		Ceremony	Used as the artificial arm worn by the manipulator of the serpent effigy.
		Decoration	Stems used to form the base of the coils for manufactured plaques.
Gambel's Oak	Quercus gambelii Nutt.	Food	Acorns ground into meal, acorns boiled and eaten.
		Sewing	Wood used to make embroidery stretchers.
		Tools	Woods used to make digging sticks, wood used to make rabbit sticks and other utensils.
		Weapons	Woods used to make bows and war clubs.
Geyer's Onion	Allium geyeri S. Wats.	Food	Used for flavoring before the introduction of the cultivated onion, eaten raw with cornmeal dumplings or fresh piki bread.
Geyer's Smooth Aster	Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri (Gray) Nesom	Food	Flowers mixed with parched corn and eaten.
		Dye	Flowers mixed with white clay and used to dye wool or eggs.
Giant Dropseed	Sporobolus giganteus Nash	Food	Seeds threshed, ground with corn into fine meal and used to make a mush, seeds used as flavoring for corn meal.
		Ceremony	(Hopi) Stems used to make pahos (prayer sticks), bundles of plant used to cover kiva entrance during Bean Ceremonial, pollen used in the hunting ceremony.
Giant Goldenrod	Solidago gigantea Ait.	Basketry	Stems made into rough baskets.
Giant Sandreed	Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr.	Ceremony	Plant used in the Flute ceremony, plumes used to decorate masks, plumes used to decorate mask of kachina, plant used to make a carrying case for a part of the wedding garments, plant used to make prayer sticks.
		Weapons	Plant used to make bows and arrows.
Gilia Beardtongue	Penstemon ambiguus Torr.	Ceremony	Plant, associated with east direction, used in the Po-wa-mu ceremony.
Golden Mariposa Lily	Calochortus aureus S. Wats.	Food	Bulbs and flowers eaten, roots eaten raw.
		Ceremony	Ceremonially used as the Yellow Flower associated with the northwest direction.
Golden Tickseed	Coreopsis tinctoria var. tinctoria	Food	Plant formerly used to make a hot beverage until the introduction of coffee by traders.
		Dye	Blossoms used with other flowers as a mahogany red dye for yarn.
Graceful Buttercup	Ranunculus inamoenus Greene	Food	Roots used for food.
Green Rabbitbush	Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.	Food	Plant used as a herb.
		Dye	Blossoms used as a yellow dye for wools and cotton yarn.
		Ceremony	Plant used for ceremonies, used as prayer stick decorations.
		Cooking	Plant used for roasting corn.
Greene's Rabbitbush	Chrysothamnus greenei (Gray) Greene	Ceremony	Used as prayer stick decorations.
Green Indian Paintbrush	Castilleja miniata ssp. miniata	Ceremony	(Acoma) Plant held by women for decoration during the harvest dance.
Greenstripe	Amaranthus acanthochiton Sauer	Food	Cooked with meat and eaten as greens.
		Famine Food	Used numerous times to ward off famines.
Hollyleaf Barberry	Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.	Prophylactic	(Acoma & Laguna) Plant chewed for sickness that occurred during hunting when approached by a dying deer.
Heartleaf Four O'Clock	Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM.	Smoking	Leaves used as tobacco.
Honey Mesquite	Prosopis glandulosa Torr.	Food	Beans eaten raw or cooked as string beans, beans ground into a flour, made into a mush and used for food, beans toasted and eaten as a confection by sucking out the juice, beans formerly ground into flour and prepared as mush.
		Weapons	Limbs used to make shafts for hunting arrows.
Hooker's Buckwheat	Eriogonum hookeri S. Wats.	Food	Boiled with mush for flavor.
Hopi Tea Greenthread	Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze	Beverage	Infusion of plant used as a beverage.
Howard's Rabbitbush	Ericameria parryi var. howardii (Parry ex Gray) Nesom & Baird	Ceremony	Plant used in initiatory ceremonials, dried plant used as one of the four prescribed kiva fuels, flowers and chalky stones used as a bright yellow pigment for personal decoration in ceremonies.
		Dye	Yellow flowers used to make a yellow dye, bark used to obtain a green dye.
Indianhemp	Apocynum cannabinum L.	Food	Gum mixed with clean clay and used for chewing gum.
Indian Paintbrush	Castilleja affinis Hook. & Arn.	Decoration	Used by maidens to deck their hair on holiday occasions.
Indian Ricegrass	Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth	Food	Used especially in earlier times as an important source of food.
Indian Rushpea	Hoffmannseggia glauca (Ortega) Eifert	Food	Potatoes roasted and eaten much more commonly in the past than currently.
James' Buckwheat	Eriogonum jamesii Benth.	Ceremony	Ground blossom powder given to ceremonial dancers impersonating anthropic gods to bring rain.
James' Monkeyflower	Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii (Torr. & Gray ex Benth.) Gray	Food	Salted, tender, young leaves used for salad, tender shoots slit and eaten as a salad.
Jerusalem Artichoke	Helianthus tuberosus L.	Food	Tubers eaten in the spring.
Juniper Mistletoe	Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. ex Gray	Food	Berries eaten when other foods became scarce.
Kingcup Cactus	Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. triglochidiatus	Food	Tunas used for food, fruits, with spines removed by burning, eaten fresh, pulp macerated and cooked with sugar to make cakes, pulp baked with sugar and used to make candy, pulp sliced and baked like squash.
		Drink	Water extracted from pulp in emergencies.
		Candle	Dried pulp used as candles.
Lambsquarters or Quinoa History	Chenopodium album L.	Food	Leaves boiled and eaten with fat, leaves cooked with meat, ground seeds used to make mush.
Largeflower Skeletonplant	Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray	Food	Boiled with a certain kind of mush for flavor, leaves boiled with meats and eaten.
Lemon Beebalm	Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag.	Food	Plant boiled and eaten only with hares.
Little Hogweed	Portulaca oleracea L.	Food	Plants cooked with meat and eaten like spinach, plants oven dried, stored and used as greens during the winter.
Littleleaf Mockorange	Philadelphus microphyllus Gray	Food	Fruits formerly used for food.
Littleleaf Mountain Mahogany	Cercocarpus intricatus S. Wats.	Ceremony	Plant used during mid-winter ceremonial to make prayer sticks.
Longflower Rabbitbush	Chrysothamnus depressus Nutt.	Ceremony	Used as prayer stick decorations.
Longleaf Groundcherry	Physalis longifolia Nutt.	Food	Berries used for food, berries boiled, ground in a mortar with raw onions, chile and coriander seeds and used for food.
Longstalk Greenthread	Thelesperma longipes Gray	Food	Plants stored well for future use.
		Drink	Young plant leaves boiled to make a beverage resembling commercial tea.
Manystem Peavine	Lathyrus polymorphus ssp. polymorphus var. polymorphus	Food	Whole pods used for food.
Mat Amaranth	Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.	Food	Ground seeds used to make mush, cooked and eaten as greens, young plants boiled and dried for winter use, seeds ground into meal, seeds originally eaten raw, but later ground with black corn meal, made into balls and eaten.
Mealy Goosefoot	Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller	Food	Young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens.
Mid Bladderpod	Lesquerella intermedia (S. Wats.) Heller	Ceremony	Infusion of root taken as a ceremonial emetic.
Mintleaf Beebalm	Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.	Food	Leaves used for seasoning soups and stews.
Missouri Gourd	Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth	Ceremony	Ripe gourds used as rattles in dances.
		Toys	Ripe gourds used as children's rattles.
		Food	Fruit formerly used for food.
Mound Saltbush	Atriplex obovata Moq.	Food	Plant used as flavoring with meat or other vegetables, young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens.
Mountain Brome	Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steud.	Tools	Tied bunches of plants used as hair brushes and light brooms.
Narrowleaf Cottonwood	Populus angustifolia James	Food	Buds used as chewing gum, buds used for food.
Narrowleaf Goosefoot	Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.	Food	Ground seeds used to make mush, Ground seeds mixed with corn meal and salt, made into a stiff batter, formed into balls and steamed, young plants boiled alone or with meat and used for food, young plants cooked as greens, seeds considered among the most important food plants when the Zuni reached this world.
Narrowleaf Pectis	Pectis angustifolia Torr.	Food	Plant used as a seasoning for meat, to kill the tainted taste.
Netleaf Hackberry	Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson	Food	Berries extensively used as food.
Nevada Jointfir	Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats.	Drink	Plant without the root occasionally used to make a hot, tea like beverage.
New Mexican Groundcherry	Physalis subulata var. neomexicana (Rydb.) Waterfall ex Kartesz & Gandhi	Food	Berries used for food.
New Mexico Giant Hyssop	Agastache pallidiflora ssp. neomexicana var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders	Food	Leaves used for flavoring, leaves mixed with meat for seasoning.
New Mexico Locust	Robinia neomexicana Gray	Weapons	Branches used in making arrow shafts.
Nodding Onion	Allium cernuum Roth	Food	Used for flavoring before the introduction of the cultivated onion, eaten raw with cornmeal dumplings or fresh piki bread, dipped in water with broken wafer bread and eaten raw, bulbs eaten fresh, uncooked or boiled, bulbs stored for future use.
Nuttall's Povertyweed	Monolepis nuttalliana (J.A. Schultes) Greene	Food	Ground seeds used to make mush.
Oneseed Juniper	Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.	Food	Berries eaten with piki or cooked with stew, fruits mixed with chopped meat, put into a clean deer stomach and roasted, fruits used to season meats, fruits eaten when other foods became scarce.
		Building	Used for construction, bark used to chink the walls and roofs of log houses built after the Navajo fashion.
		Ceremony	Branches used in the kachina dances, charcoal of plant, chewed melon seeds and water used to make a ceremonial body paint, branches used in a few ceremonies and dances.
		Funerals	(Hopi) Plant used to do away with evil spirits after a death, boiled branch used as wash by men returning from burying a corpse. (Acoma & Laguna) Infusion of plant taken by all household members for four days after a death, infusion of cedar twigs taken with wafer bread by mothers of infants who died during birth, cedar wood fire smoke used to fumigate property of the deceased.
		Cooking	Twigs used to separate corn dumplings while boiling.
		Decorations	Seeds strung for beads.
		Tools	Used as a rake for clearing brush from the fields.
		Toys	Berries used in rattles.
		Dye	Green twigs rubbed on moccasins as a green dye.
		Basketry	Larger twigs used for basket frames.
		Weapons	Larger trees used to make bows backed with sinew.
		Cloth	Bark rubbed fine and used to make baby clothes.
		Misc.	Bark formerly shredded, bound into bundles and used as torches to give light in houses.
Osageorange	Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.	Weapons	Wood used to make bows.
Painted Milkvetch	Astragalus ceramicus Sheldon	Food	Sweet roots dug up and eaten by children.
Pale Serviceberry	Amelanchier pallida Greene	Weapons	Used to make bows and arrows.
Pale Wolfberry or Pale Desert-thorn	Lycium pallidum Miers	Ceremony	(Hopi) Plant used at the annual "Niman-katcina" ceremony . (Zuni) Ground leaves, twigs and flowers given to warriors for protection during war.
		Food	(Hopi) Berries eaten fresh from the shrub, seeds eaten, berries cooked to make a jam-like food and served with fresh piki bread. (Acoma & Laguna) Cooked berries made into a syrup. (Isleta) Fresh, summer berries eaten for food. (Zuni) Berries eaten raw when perfectly ripe or boiled and sometimes sweetened.
Pinkflower Hedgehog Cactus	Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) F. Seitz	Food	Fruits dried and used as a source of sweetening.
Plains Flax	Linum puberulum (Engelm.) Heller	Paint	Flowers made into yellow paint.
Plains Pricklypear	Opuntia polyacantha Haw.	Food	Joints singed in hot coals, boiled with dried sweetcorn and used as a winter food.
Ponderosa Pine	Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson	Building	Wood used to furnish the beams of "vega poles" of the houses.
Powell's Amaranth	Amaranthus powellii S. Wats.	Food	Seeds used for food, leaves used as greens.
Powell's Saltweed	Atriplex powellii S. Wats.	Food	Young plants used for greens, seeds mixed with ground corn to make a mush, seeds eaten raw before the presence of corn & afterwards, ground with corn meal & made into a mush.
Prairie Junegrass	Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes	Food	Seeds made into a meal and used to make bread, seeds made into a meal and used to make mush, considered a very important source of food before the introduction of wheat.
		Building	Straw mixed with adobe to give strength and adhesion.
Prairie Sunflower	Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.	Ceremony	Whole plant used in the decoration of flute priests in the Flute ceremony (Hopi), dried petals ground and mixed with corn meal to make yellow face powder for women's basket dance.
Pricklyleaf Dogweed	Thymophylla acerosa (DC.) Strother	Smoking	Leaves mixed with tobacco for the flavor.
Pungent Oak	Quercus pungens Liebm.	Tools	Wood used for tool handles, twigs used to tie warp of rugs to beam while weaving.
Purplenerve Springparsley	Cymopterus multinervatus (Coult. & Rose) Tidestrom	Food	Roots eaten in spring.
Purple Prairieclover	Dalea lasiathera Gray	Food	Flowers crushed by hand and sprinkled into meat stew as a flavoring after cooking, root chewed, especially by children, and greatly enjoyed.
Red Amaranth History	Amaranthus cruentus L.	Food	Plant used as a red coloring for paper bread distributed at katcina exhibitions, flowers used to color bread red for certain dances, seeds used for food, leaves used as greens.
Redroot Amaranth	Amaranthus retroflexus L.	Food	Young plants boiled and eaten as greens, seeds collected and ground with meal for food, young plants boiled and dried for winter use.
Rice Button Aster	Symphyotrichum dumosum var. dumosum	Food	Small fruits eaten.
Rio Grande Cottonwood	Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni (S. Wats.) Eckenwalder	Food	Cotton from the pistillate catkins used as chewing gum, catkins eaten raw.
		Ceremony	Twigs mixed with spruce branches the day after the mask dance.
		Building	Smaller limbs and leaves used for thatching houses.
Rockspirea	Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ex Hook.) Heller	Drink	Leaves steeped to make a beverage.
Rocky Mountain Beeplant	Cleome serrulata Pursh	Food	Plants boiled and eaten like spinach, seeds cooked well, dried and made into mush before use, seeds made into a meal and used to make bread.
		Dye	Roots formerly used to make a dye.
Rocky Mountain Juniper	Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.	Food	Fruits eaten fresh or heated.
Rocky Mountain Indian Parsley	Aletes anisatus (Gray) Theobald & Tseng	Food	Raw leaves eaten as a relish, cooked leaves eaten as greens.
Rocky Mountain Maple	Acer glabrum Torr.	Weapons	Straight, young tree trunks used to make bows.
Rubber Rabbitbush	Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa	Dye	Flowers used as yellow dye bark used to make green dye.
		Building	Brush used to make wind breaks.
		Basketry	(Zuni) Stems used to make baskets.
		Pottery	Whole plant except for the root used in pottery decorations.
		Tools	Plant used for rough brooms.
		Ceremony	(Hopi) Plant used to weave the wedding bel, plant used on the Po-wa-mu altar and used in Caquol ceremony. (Zuni) Plant paste used with black mineral paint to color sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods.
		Weapons	Wood used to make poisonous war arrows which broke upon impact and could not be shot back.
Rush Skeletonplant	Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hook.	Ceremony	Plant used for decorations in ceremonial dances.
Rusty Lupine	Lupinus pusillus Pursh	Ceremony	Juice used as holy water in the Po-wa-mu ceremony (Hopi).
Sacauista	Nolina microcarpa S. Wats.	Basketry	Plant used to make baskets.
		Food	Seeds made into a meal and used to make bread, seeds made into a meal and used to make mush, fruit eaten fresh, fruit eaten preserved.
		Cordage	Leaf fibers used to make cords, ropes and whips.
		Ceremony	Seeds used in dried gourd shells to make ceremonial rattles.
		Misc.	Plant used to make mats, leaf fibers used to make brushes.
Sack Saltbush	Atriplex saccaria S. Wats.	Food	Young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens.
Sandbar Willow	Salix exigua Nutt.	Basketry	Young branches used to make baskets, slender switches used to make baskets.
		Ceremony	Branches made into prayer sticks.
		Cooking	Eight or twelve willows trimmed at the ends, tied together & used for stirring fire toasted foods.
		Building	Stems formerly used for filling between the house rafters.
		Misc.	Young branches used to make mats.
Sandhill Amaranth	Amaranthus arenicola I.M. Johnston	Food	Leaves boiled and eaten with meat.
Sandhill Muhly	Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb.	Tools	Culms stripped of leaves and bound together to form a broom and hair brush.
Sand Dropseed	Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray	Food	Plant used to make bread, plant used to make pudding, grain occasionally used for food during famines.
Sanddune Wallflower	Erysimum capitatum var. capitatum	Paint	Ground flowers used as yellow paint.
Sandyseed Clammyweed	Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma (Torr. & Gray) Iltis	Ceremony	Dried, rubbed leaves rolled in corn husks to make ceremonial cigarettes, switches, roots and blossoms used ceremonially.
Scarlet Gilia	Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata	Drink	Boiled for a drink.
		Dye	Plant used for dye.
		Decoration	Plant used for decoration.
Screwbean Mesquite	Prosopis pubescens Benth.	Food	Pods chewed for the starch content and agreeable taste.
Sego Lily	Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray	Food	Seeds and flowers ground to make yellow pollen.
		Ceremony	Yellow flower used ceremonially.
Shadescale Saltbush	Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frém.) S. Wats.	Food	Young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens, plant used as flavoring with meat or other vegetables, scented leaves boiled and water mixed with cornmeal to make a pudding.
Showy Milkweed	Asclepias speciosa Torr.	Food	Milky latex allowed to harden and used as chewing gum.
Silky Sophora	Sophora nuttalliana B.L. Turner	Food	Sweet roots chewed as a delicacy.
Silverscale Saltbush	Atriplex argentea Nutt.	Food	Young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens, leaves boiled and eaten with fat and/or meat, fruits eaten for food, seeds and expanded calyx eaten for food and the salty taste.
Singleleaf Ash	Fraxinus anomala Torr. ex S. Wats.	Ceremony	Used for prayer sticks.
Singleleaf Pinyon	Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém.	Food	Nuts eaten for food.
		Sorcery	(Hopi) Gum applied to forehead as a protection from sorcery.
		Dye	Gum used to prepare certain dyes.
		Art	Gum used in making turquoise mosaics.
		Misc.	Gum used in waterproofing and repairing pottery vessels.
Skunkbush Sumac	Rhus trilobata Nutt	Food	Fruits eaten fresh as appetizers, fruits mixed with various foods as seasoning, berries used as a lemon flavored seasoning for food, fruits eaten whole or ground.
		Drink	Berries used to make a beverage.
		Basketry	Branches woven into rough baskets. (Zuni) Stems, with the bark removed, used in making fine "Apache" and other baskets.
		Weapons	Larger bushes sometimes used for bows.
		Paint	Crushed berry juice used as a vehicle for paint.
Slim Amaranth	Amaranthus hybridus L.	Food	Young plants boiled and eaten as greens, seeds collected and ground with meal for food, young plants boiled and dried for winter use.
Small Soapweed	Yucca glauca Nutt.	Food	Fruit baked, seasoned and used for food, sun dried fruit stored for winter use, seed pods boiled and used for food.
		Basketry	Fibers used to make baskets.
		Ceremony	Used to make bandoleers and neckties for clowns and dancers, used to make whips to beat novices during some initiation ceremonies.
		Tools	Leaves made into brushes & used for decorating pottery, ceremonial masks, alters and other objects.
		Cordage	Fibers used to make cords and ropes, leaves soaked in water to soften them and made into rope by knotting them together.
		Decorations	Fibers used to make plaques.
		Soap	Roots pounded until soft, soaked in water and used as a soap for bathing, washing hair & blankets.
		Misc.	Dried leaves split, plaited and made into water-carrying head pads, leaves used for making mats, cincture pads and other articles.
Smooth Horsetail	Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun	Ceremony	Dried, ground with corn meal and used to make a ceremonial bread.
Smooth Sumac	Rhus glabra L.	Smoking	Leaves smoked as tobacco.
Snowball Sand Verbena	Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.	Food	Roots ground, mixed with corn meal and eaten.
		Ceremony	Flowers made into ceremonial necklaces.
Specklepod Milkvetch	Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus (Gray) M.E. Jones	Food	Fleshy roots eaten fresh, pods eaten fresh, boiled and salted, pods dried for winter use.
Spike Dropseed	Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc.	Building	Grass bunches fastened together and used to construct shelters in or near the distant fields.
		Misc.	Grass bunches fastened together to make mats for covering hatchways and other openings in the house.
Stretchberry	Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens	Ceremony	Used to make pahos (prayer sticks).
		Tools	Wood used for digging sticks.
Sweetroot Springparsley	Cymopterus newberryi (S. Wats.) M.E. Jones	Food	Sweet roots peeled and eaten by children.
Tall Mountain Larkspur	Delphinium scaposum Greene	Ceremony	Plant taken as an emetic in Po-wa-mu ceremony, petals and seeds ground into a very fine blue meal prescribed for the Flute altar. (Hopi)
Tasselflower Bricklebush	Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt.	Tools	Tied bunches of plants used as rough brooms.
Tepary Bean	Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius Freeman	Food	Cultivated beans used for food.
		Ceremony	(Keres) Beans made into a flour by the Koshairi and used for ritual purposes.
Texas Pricklypear	Opuntia engelmannii var. lindheimeri (Engelm.) Parfitt & Pinkava	Food	Roasted in damp sand and eaten with chili.
Thinleaf Alder	Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung	Dye	Root bark, mountain mahogany root bark and wild plum root bark used to make a red dye for buckskin.
Thinleaf Onion	Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung	Dye	Soaked bark rubbed on buckskin as a red dye.
Torrey's Rush	Juncus torreyi Coville	Ceremony	Ceremonially associated with water.
Threadleaf Snakeweed	Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) Gray	Cooking	Used in roasting sweet corn.
		Ceremony	Used as prayer stick decorations.
Thymeleaf Sandmat	Chamaesyce serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia	Food	Leaves chewed for the pleasant taste, root pieces used to sweeten corn meal.
Trailing Fleabane	Erigeron flagellaris Gray	Tools	Tied bunches of plants used for brooms.
Tree Cholla	Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata	Food	Fruits boiled and eaten with sweetened cornmeal porridge, young joints split lengthwise, dried and stored for winter use, roasted joints used for food during times of famine.
		Sewing	Thorns used as sewing material .
		Tattooing	Thorns used for tattooing.
		Lighting	Dried woody stems used for candles and torches before the presence of other forms of lighting.
		Ceremony	(Zuni) Plant used ceremonially.
True Mountain Mahogany	Cercocarpus montanus Raf.	Dye	Roots used as a red dye for buckskin.
		Tools	Bunches of tied bushes used for rough brooms, wood made into small tools, dried sticks used as spindles for fire by friction.
		Weapons	Wood made into arrow points.
		Tanning	Bark used to tan buckskin.
Tulip Pricklypear	Opuntia phaeacantha var. camanchica (Engelm. & Bigelow) L. Benson	Food	Mountain tunas used for food.
Twoneelde Pinyon	Pinus edulis Engelm.	Food	Nuts formerly used as a staple food, Nuts gathered and stored for winter use, nuts used for trade, nuts gathered in considerable quantities, roasted and used for food.
		Cooking	Pitch rubbed on stone to blacken and the stone used to make paper bread from black corn.
		Paint	Pitch mixed with ground lichens or mineral colors to make a paint medium.
		Dye	Gum used in the preparation of certain dyes.
		Fastener	Gum used in making turquoise mosaics, gum used to waterproof and repair pottery vessels.
		Ceremony	Pollen used for the Snake Ceremonial, leaves attached to prayer-feathers prepared during December ceremonies.
		Protection	Gum put on forehead when going outside of house as protection against sorcery.
		Funerals	Gum put on hot coals and fumes used to smoke people and their clothes after a funeral.
Upland Cotton	Gossypium hirsutum L.	Ceremony	Cotton used to make ceremonial garments, fuzz used alone or made into cords and used ceremonially in a number of ways.
Utah Juniper	Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little	Food	Berries cooked in a stew, berries eaten with piki bread.
		Decorration	Seeds pierced and strung for beads in ancient times.
Utah Serviceberry	Amelanchier utahensis Koehne	Ceremony	Plant used to make pahos (prayer sticks).
		Weapons	Plant used to make bows and arrows.
		Food	Fruit formerly used for food.
Wax Currant	Ribes cereum Dougl.	Food	Berries used for food.
Western Honey Mesquite	Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) M.C. Johnston	Drink	Pods crushed and steeped in water to make a beverage.
		Food	(Acoma) Beans formerly ground into flour and prepared as mush, beans eaten raw or cooked as string beans. (Keres) Beans ground into a flour, made into a mush and used for food, beans eaten raw for the sweet taste or cooked like string beans. (Isleta) Beans ground into a flour and used to make bread, beans toasted and eaten as a confection by sucking out the juice, roasted beans eaten as a confection. (Laguna) Beans formerly ground into flour and prepared as mush, beans eaten raw or cooked as string beans.
		Weapons	Limbs used to make shafts for hunting arrows.
Western Sunflower	Helianthus anomalus Blake	Ceremony	Petals dried, ground, mixed with yellow corn meal and used as a face powder in women's basket dance.
Western Tastymustard	Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt.	Food	Plant used as flavoring with meat or other vegetables, greens pit baked, cooled and served in salted water with corn dumplings, boiled bread or piki bread, plant cooked alone as greens, leaves boiled or roasted between hot, flat stones and eaten.
		Pottery	Flowers mixed with dark iron pigment used as a black color for pottery decoration.
Whipple Cholla	Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow	Food	Spineless fruits eaten raw or stewed, fruit, with the spines rubbed off, dried for winter use, dried fruit ground into a flour, mixed with parched corn meal and made into a mush.
Whiskey Currant	Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats.	Food	Fruits eaten fresh, fresh leaves eaten with uncooked mutton fat or with deer fat.
		Weapons	Wood used to make bows.
White Fir	Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.	Decoration	Plant used for decoration at dances and in the house.
White Prairieclover	Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners	Food	Roots dried and ground into meal, dried roots ground into flour, roots eaten for the sweetness.
		Tools	Plant used for light brooms.
Whitestem Blazingstar	Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray	Food	Seeds parched, ground into a fine, sweet meal and eaten in pinches, mashed seeds rolled into sticks and eaten.
		Smoking	Plant used as substitute for tobacco.
Whitestem Gooseberry	Ribes inerme Rydb.	Food	Berries used for food.
Whitest Evening-primrose	Oenothera albicaulis Pursh	Ceremony	(Zuni) Chewed blossoms rubbed on the bodies of young girls so that they could dance well and ensure rain.
Wholeleaf Indian Paintbrush	Castilleja integra Gray	Ceremony	(Acoma) Plant held by women for decoration during the harvest dance.
		Dye	(Zuni) Root bark used with minerals to color deerskin black.
Whorled Milkweed	Asclepias verticillata L.	Food	Leaves and young shoots boiled with meat and eaten, ripe seed silk mixed with grease and used as chewing gum.
		Tools	Used as a planting stick.
		Clothing	Pods gathered when two thirds ripe and the cotton used for weaving clothing.
		Ceremony	Coma made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks.
Wild Mint	Mentha arvensis L.	Food	Boiled with mush for flavor, plant eaten as a relish.
Wild Potato	Solanum jamesii Torr.	Food	Small tubers used for food.
Winged Pigweed	Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.	Food	Ground seeds used to make mush, tiny seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and made into steamed cakes.
		Dye	Seeds used to produce a pink dye.
Witchgrass	Panicum capillare L.	Tools	Grass made into brooms and used to clean metates and metate boxes.
Winterfat	Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit	Ceremony	Used in ceremonials to produce steam.
Woodland Strawberry	Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt	Food	Flavorful fruit considered a delicacy.
Wooly Paperflower	Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene	Dye	Boiled, crushed flowers used for yellow paint or dye.
		Ceremony	Blossoms used by personators of anthropic gods for painting masks and for coloring bodies yellow.
Wooly Prairieclover	Dalea lanata Spreng.	Food	Root eaten and regarded as sugar.
Wooton's Sandpuff	Tripterocalyx carnea var. wootonii (Standl.) L.A. Gal.	Ceremony	Poultice of powdered seeds and water applied to swellings caused by being witched by a bullsnake.
Wright's Deervetch	Lotus wrightii (Gray) Greene	Medicine	Poultice of chewed root applied to swellings caused by being witched by a bullsnake.
Wyoming Indian Paintbrush	Castilleja linariifolia Benth.	Food	Flowers eaten as food.
		Ceremony	Root and juniper bark chewed, mixed with white clay and used as ceremonial paint and to to decorate artificial squash blossoms, used ceremonially as the "Red Flower" associated with the southeast direction.
		Decoration	Used by maidens to deck their hair on holiday occasions.

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