FDI - Sac/Fox

The Sac and Fox were sedentary hunter/farmer tribes. They were apparently located on the upper part of Green Bay and the lower part of the Fox River at the time of first contact with Europeans. They participated in the destruction of the Illinois nation and claimed part of their territories. They lost those territories with their defeat in the Black Hawk War. They then removed to Iowa and confederated, thus following the fortunes of the Sac/Fox Confederacy ultimately settling in Oklahoma. Many Foxes fissioned from the confederacy to form the Mesquakie in Iowa.

Aboriginal Locations (Subdivisions)

Year	*History*
1616	Sac part of the Algonquian community located in upper Michigan and/or Wisconsin or confederacy known to Champlain as "Asistagueronon"[?]
1640	Sac first mentioned in the Jesuit Relation as allied or part of Huron, Foxes, Winnebago, Potawatomi, Kickapoo, and Mascouten
1667	Father Allouez described Sauk as large savage tribe
1671	Father Dablon in Jesuit Relation noted Sauk, Menominee, and Potawqtomi were driven from their lands by the Iroquois and were taking refuge in upper Green Bay among the Winnebago
1672	Sac joined Tiontotati, Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Foxes in expedition against the Sioux, but took considerable losses
1721	Sauk still at Green Bay on Fox River but in dispute with Foxex
1733	Sauk repulsed a French detachment protecting Foxes, French soon attacked and defeated fleeing Sauk
1766	Carver fo0und most of the Sauk villages on the Wisconsin River
1769	Sac participated with the Fox, Kickapoo, Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi in the destruction of the Illinois nation, claimed territory in Illinois on the Rock River
1804	A Sac band wintering near St. Louis signed a treaty ceding all of Wisconsin and Illinois territories, band never allowed to return to tribe (now recognized as Missouri River Sac)
1832	Main body of Sac refused to move from Illinois territories resulting in Black Hawk War in which they were defeated by the US Army, forced to abandon their territory, fled to Iowa territory, confederated with Fox to form Sac/Fox Confederacy formed under Keokuk
1854	Many Foxes fissioned from tribe to form Mesquakie of Iowa
1867	Sauk ceded Kansas lands for lands in Indian Territory
1889	Oklahoma lands granted in severalty
1912	Sac/Fox Jim Thorpe won pentathlon and decathlon in Olympics in Stockholm
1950	Jim Thorpe named greatest athlete of half century

Year	Total Pop.	IL	MO	WI	Source
1650	3,500			3,500	Mooney estimate
1700	3,500			3,500	NAHDB calculation
1736	750				Swanton
1759	1,000				Mooney estimate
1766	2,000				Swanton
1783	2,250				Swanton
1800	2,500	1,000	500	1,000	NAHDB calculation
1810	2,850				Swanton
1825	4,800				Swanton, joined Sac/Fox Confederacy in 1832
1834	2,500				Swanton
1900	700	150	50	500	NAHDB calculation
1909	623				US Indian Office
1910	411				Census
1923	766				US Indian Office
1981	2,338				BIA
2000	3,500	1,000	400	2,100	NAHDB calculation
2005	3,700	1,100	400	2,200	First Nations

*Ethnie:*	SAC and FOX (SAUK, MESQUAKIE)
*Language:*	Mesquakie
*Family:*	Central Algonquian
*Stock:*	Algonquian
*Phylum:*	Algic
*Macro-Culture:*	Eastern Woodlands
*Speakers*	200-300 (Goddard 1991)