Tewa Pueblos
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FOUR
DIRECTIONS INSTITUTE
Tewa Pueblos |
| Ethnie: | TEWA PUEBLOS |
| Languages: | Tewa |
| Family: | Tewa |
| Stock: | Tewa-Tiwa |
| Phylum: | Kiawa Tanoan |
| Macro-Culture: | Southwestern |
| Speakers | 1,298 1980 Census |
| The Tewa Pueblos were a sedentary agricultural culture of the greater Pueblo culture. Their villages were along the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico. Their 60 or so villages ranged from Santa Fe to the lower course of the Rio Chama. |
| They were early victims of the Spanish conquest, and preyed upon by the Apaches, Navajos, Comanches, and Utes. The Arizona Tewa are now enumerated with the Hopi. |
| Aboriginal Locations |
| NM (60 villages) |
| Present Locations |
| AZ Hopi Reservation, Hano |
| NM Nambe Pueblo, Nambe |
| Pojoaque Pueblo, Popoaque |
| San Idelfonzo Pueblo, San Idelfonso Pueblo |
| Ohkay Owingeh, formerly San Juan Pueblo, San Juan |
| Santa Clara Pueblo, Santa Clara Pueblo |
| Tesuque Pueblo, Tesuque Pueblo |
| Year | History |
| 1528 | Known to Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca |
| 1540 | Coronado passed through southern end of territory during his conquest and found it nearly vacant due to an attack by a warlike plains tribe (probably Apache) |
| 1590 | Gaspar Castaño de Sosa conquered Pecos, went westward to Keresan but was arrested at Santo Domingo by New Spain troop and disgraced |
| 1598 | Juan de Oñate arrived, forced Pueblo vassalage to Spain |
| 1607 | Oñate removed from governorship |
| 1609 | Gov. Pedro de Peralta arrived, founded Santa Fe, built palace with Pueblo labor, disregarded Indian protection laws |
| 1628 | Many churches built, friars added, native religion banned |
| 1640 | Severe drought for several years, thousands of Pueblos died |
| 1663 | Severe drought and famine for six years |
| 1680 | Pueblo Rebellion led by San Juan Tewa Popé, 400 Spaniards died in siege of Santa Fe, 50 fled to El Paso |
| 1691 | Cochiti burned in failed reconquest try |
| 1693 | Successful reconquest |
| 1694 | Many joined Hopi due to reconquest |
| 1720 | Trading fairs began with nomadic tribes |
| 1777 | Gov. Juan Bautista de Anza led peace pact between Pueblos and nomads except Apache |
| 1821 | Mexican Independence |
| 18XX | Smallpox epidemic nearly destroyed southern Tewa early in century |
| 1846 | Mexican-American War |
| 1913 | Pueblo land claims recognized |
| Year | Population | Source |
| 1630 | 6,000 | Fray Alonzo de Benavides |
| 1680 | 2,200 | Fray Augustín de Vetancurt |
| 1700 | 1,700 | NAHDB calculation |
| 1706 | 1,706 | Fray Juan Alvarez |
| 1752 | 1,012 | New Mexico census |
| 1797 | 985 | Fray Francisco de Hezio census |
| 1800 | 1,000 | NAHDB calculation |
| 1810 | 1,232 | New Mexico census |
| 1821 | 1,441 | Fr. Pedro Rubin de Celis |
| 1860 | 1,111 | Dozier |
| 1900 | 1,500 | Dozier |
| 1900 | 1,500 | NAHDB calculation |
| 1930 | 1,621 | Dozier |
| 1937 | 1,708 | US Indian Office |
| 1940 | 2,058 | Dozier |
| 1948 | 2,281 | Dozier |
| 1964 | 3,469 | Dozier |
| 1973 | 3,279 | BIA |
| 1981 | 5,746 | BIA |
| 1989 | 5,014 | NAHDB estimate using BIA data |
| 2000 | 6,000 | NAHDB calculation |
| Other speakers of the same language: |
| None |
Last updated 03/16/05 Copyright 2005 by Four Directions Press