FOUR DIRECTIONS INSTITUTE

The Tolowa were a sedentary coastal hunter/gatherer tribe which relied heavily on fishing. The Pacific Coast Athapaskans arrived in the area late in the first millennium from Canada. The Tolowa were located on Crescent Bay, Lake Earl, and the Smith River. They suffered from the White influx.

Year	*History*
1775	Bodega visited Trinidad Bay, but did not meet Tolowa
1793	Capt. George Vancouver visited Trinidad Bay and did not meet tribe, but may have caused Cholera epidemic which spread to Tolowa
1828	First White contact with Jedediah Smith
1850	Decade of measles and cholera epidemics as White settlers and miners encroached into territory
1872	Began practice of Ghost Dance
1929	Introduction of Indian Shaker movement

Tolowa Sites

American Indian Languages of Western Oregon http://www.lanecc.edu/library/don/orelang.htm

American Indians Today http://www.nps.gov/redw/area_amerind2.htm

Arch Rock http://www.curryhistory.com/archrock.html

The Battle in Lake Earl, California http://www.geocities.com/cal357mag/Page23.html

California Coastal Trail http://www.californiacoastaltrail.org/oldsite/del-norte.html

California Redwood National and State Parks http://www.savetheredwoods.org/protecting/pdf/mp_c_crnp.pdf

James Collins Linguist http://www.albany.edu/anthro/fac/collins.htm

Crescent City http://www.wildriverscoast.info/news/story.cfm?story_no=36

Crissy Field http://areas.wildernet.com/pages/area.cfm?areaID=ORSPCRI&CU_ID=1

Gambling Songs of the Tolowa Indians http://www.bluefish.org/gambling.htm

Howonquet Massacre http://www.originalvoices.org/USGovtRolesFive.htm

Humbolt - Del Norte http://www.cirhm.org/humboldt/index.asp

Northern Indian Plank House http://www.ncidc.org/photos/gallery1/85_13.htm

Northwest California Culture and Ethnobotany http://www.fourdir.com/northwest_california-oregon_culture.htm

The Place of Writing in Preserving Oral Languages http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/RIL_7.html

Pouring the People by Josh Lewis http://www.originalvoices.org/PriceOfGoldOne.htm

Preserving Tradition http://www.triplicate.com/news/story.cfm?story_no=401

Redwoods Gallery http://www.goldengatephoto.com/WestUS/redwood.html

Annette L. Reed, Ph.D. http://www.csus.edu/indiv/r/reedal/

Smith River Rancheria http://www.tolowa-nsn.gov/

Stolen Girls http://members.tripod.com/~boyett/yurok1.htm

Tah-Ah-Dun Magnet School ... http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues03/Co11152003/CO_11152003_Magnet_School.htm

Tolowa http://www.tolowa.com/

Tolowa http://www.everyculture.com/North-America/Tolowa.html

Tolowa Bibliography http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc/bibs/tolowa.html

Tolowa - SFSU Narrative http://bss.sfsu.edu/calstudies/NativeWebPages/tolowa.html

A Tolowa http://www.edwardscurtis.com/ATOLOWA.html

Tolowa Image Library http://www.humboldt.edu/~jmg2/ImageBank.html

Tolowa Language http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=TOL

Tolowa Language http://www.native-languages.org/tolowa.htm

Tolowa Linguistic Lineage http://www.ethnologue.com/show_lang_family.asp?code=TOL

Tolowa People http://members.tripod.com/~boyett/ind.html

Tolowa Traditional Narratives http://www.answers.com/topic/tolowa-traditional-narratives

Tolowa Tradition Bearer, Loren Brommelyn http://www.nea.gov/honors/heritage/Heritage02/Bommelyn2.html

Tolowa/Tututni http://www.curtis-collection.com/tribe%20data/tolowa.html

Tolowa Village at Pebble Beach http://www.donaldlaird.com/landmarks/counties/600-699/649.html

Tolowa Woman http://www.fluryco.com/galleries/ca7.htm

Tolowa Women http://www.ncidc.org/photos/gallery1/85s11.htm

West Coast Athabaskans http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/Oregon/athabascan.html

*Ethnie:*	TOLOWA
*Language:*	Tolawan
*Family:*	Pacific Coast Athapaskan
*Stock:*	Athapaskan
*Phylum:*	Na-Dene
*Macro-Culture:*	Northwestern

Year	Population	Source
1700	450	NAHDB calculation
1770	450	Kroeber estimate
1800	450	NAHDB calculation
1848	450	Cook estimate
1852	450	Cook estimate
1880	200	Cook estimate
1900	150	NAHDB calculation
1910	121	Census
2000	200	NAHDB calculation